abstract：:Although T-cell clones bearing T-cell receptors with high affinity for self-peptide major histocompatibility complex (MHC) products are generally eliminated in the thymus (recessive tolerance), the peripheral T-cell repertoire remains strongly biased toward self-peptide MHC complexes and includes autoreactive T cells....

journal_title：Immunological reviews

authors： Paust S,Cantor H

更新日期：2005-04-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma)/interleukin-12 (IL-12) pathway is a pivotal player in the immune system and is central to controlling mycobacterial infections. We highlight the most recent and relevant advances in understanding this pathway and their repercussions on basic and clinical science. Human mutations in IFN...

journal_title：Immunological reviews

authors： Rosenzweig SD,Holland SM

更新日期：2005-02-01 00:00:00

abstract：:X-linked lymphoproliferative disease (XLP) is an inherited immune defect caused by mutations in the Src homology 2 domain-containing gene 1A, which encodes the adapter protein, signaling lymphocytic activation molecule (SLAM)-associated protein (SAP). SAP is expressed in T cells, natural killer (NK) cells, and NKT cel...

journal_title：Immunological reviews

authors： Nichols KE,Ma CS,Cannons JL,Schwartzberg PL,Tangye SG

更新日期：2005-02-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Interleukin-18 (IL-18) has been regarded as a proinflammatory cytokine because of its potent interferon-gamma-inducing activity. However, mutant mice that release excess amounts of IL-18 spontaneously develop pruritic chronic dermatitis-like atopic dermatitis (AD), suggesting the importance of IL-18 for the developmen...

journal_title：Immunological reviews

authors： Tsutsui H,Yoshimoto T,Hayashi N,Mizutani H,Nakanishi K

更新日期：2004-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The concept that the immune system recognizes and controls cancer was first postulated over a century ago, and cancer immunity has continued to be vigorously debated and experimentally tested. Mounting evidence in humans and mice supports the involvement of cytokines in tumor initiation, growth, and metastasis. The id...

journal_title：Immunological reviews

authors： Smyth MJ,Cretney E,Kershaw MH,Hayakawa Y

更新日期：2004-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Because of its intrinsic virulence, Toxoplasma gondii induces a potent interleukin-12 (IL-12)-dependent cell-mediated immune response that shuts down the growth of the replicative tachyzoite stage, thus promoting host survival and successful transmission through predation. At the same time, this response must be tight...

journal_title：Immunological reviews

authors： Aliberti J,Jankovic D,Sher A

更新日期：2004-10-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Schistosomiasis is a serious global helminthic disease, in which the main immunopathology consists of a granulomatous and fibrosing reaction against tissue-trapped parasite eggs. The severity of this inflammatory process, the product of a CD4(+) T-cell-mediated immune response against parasite egg antigens, is, howeve...

journal_title：Immunological reviews

authors： Stadecker MJ,Asahi H,Finger E,Hernandez HJ,Rutitzky LI,Sun J

更新日期：2004-10-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Leishmania major infections induce the development of a CD4(+) T-helper 1 (Th1) response that not only controls the primary infection but also results in life-long immunity to reinfection. How that immunity is maintained is unknown, although because of the existence of infection-induced immunity, there has been an ass...

journal_title：Immunological reviews

authors： Scott P,Artis D,Uzonna J,Zaph C

更新日期：2004-10-01 00:00:00

abstract：:One of the most toxic insults a cell can incur is a disruption of its linear DNA in the form of a double-strand break (DSB). Left unrepaired, or repaired improperly, these lesions can result in cell death or neoplastic transformation. Despite these dangers, lymphoid cells purposely introduce DSBs into their genome to ...

journal_title：Immunological reviews

authors： Rooney S,Chaudhuri J,Alt FW

更新日期：2004-08-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Since the discovery that the recombination-activating gene (RAG) proteins were capable of transposition in vitro, investigators have been trying to uncover instances of transposition in vivo and understand how this transposase has been harnessed to do useful work while being inhibited from causing deleterious chromoso...

journal_title：Immunological reviews

authors： Brandt VL,Roth DB

更新日期：2004-08-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Interest in DNA immunization of animals continues, despite the fact that immune responses induced by DNA vaccines are generally lower than those elicited by conventional vaccines. In attempts to enhance the immune response to DNA vaccines, individuals have tried a variety of immune modulators, cytokines, and costimula...

journal_title：Immunological reviews

authors： van Drunen Littel-van den Hurk S,Babiuk SL,Babiuk LA

更新日期：2004-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Inoculation of plasmid DNA is a simple way to immunize, but it is characterized by low immunogenicity, which has hampered the development of effective DNA vaccines for human use. Here, we discuss how poor immunogenicity can be solved and present our proposal: genetically programmed B lymphocytes as antigen-presenting ...

journal_title：Immunological reviews

authors： Zanetti M,Castiglioni P,Rizzi M,Wheeler M,Gerloni M

更新日期：2004-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:In much of Africa, the mosquito Anopheles gambiae is the major vector of human malaria, a devastating infectious disease caused by Plasmodium parasites. Vector and parasite interact at multiple stages and locations, and the nature and effectiveness of this reciprocal interaction determines the success of transmission....

journal_title：Immunological reviews

authors： Christophides GK,Vlachou D,Kafatos FC

更新日期：2004-04-01 00:00:00

abstract：:In adult mice, the number of B lymphocytes remains constant under homeostatic control, in spite of the fact that B cells are produced continuously in numbers that largely exceed the number required to replenish the peripheral pools. It follows that each newly formed lymphocyte can only persist if another lymphocyte di...

journal_title：Immunological reviews

authors： Gaudin E,Rosado M,Agenes F,McLean A,Freitas AA

更新日期：2004-02-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The destiny of activated T cells is critical to the ultimate fate of immune response. After encountering antigen, naïve T cells receive signal 1 through the T-cell receptor (TCR)-major histocompatibility complex (MHC) plus antigenic peptide complex and signal 2 through "positive" costimulatory molecules leading to ful...

journal_title：Immunological reviews

authors： Rothstein DM,Sayegh MH

更新日期：2003-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Directed cellular migrations underlie immune system organization. Chemokines and their receptors (along with surface-adhesion molecules) are central to these migrations, targeting developing and mature leukocytes to tissues and microenvironments suitable for their differentiation and function. The chemokine CXCL12 and...

journal_title：Immunological reviews

authors： Campbell DJ,Kim CH,Butcher EC

更新日期：2003-10-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Multiple myeloma (MM) is a tumor of long-lived bone marrow plasma cells (PCs). Nearly 40% of MM tumors have immunoglobulin H (IgH) translocations involving four recurrent chromosomal loci (oncogenes): 11q13 (cyclin D1), 6p21 (cyclin D3), 4p16 (MMSET and FGFR3), and 16q23 (c-maf). Other MM tumors have Ig translocations...

journal_title：Immunological reviews

authors： Bergsagel PL,Kuehl WM

更新日期：2003-08-01 00:00:00

abstract：:In this review, we briefly cover the critical requirements for interleukin-7 (IL-7) in thymocyte development and peripheral T-cell homeostasis. Part of the IL-7 effect is antiapoptotic or 'trophic' and we have studied the intracellular pathways involved in lymphocyte survival and death regulated by this cytokine. We r...

journal_title：Immunological reviews

authors： Khaled AR,Durum SK

更新日期：2003-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Guanine nucleotide binding proteins rapidly cycle between a guanosine diphosphate (GDP)-bound and guanosine triphosphate (GTP)-bound state, and they operate as binary switches that control cell activation in response to environmental cues. GTPases adopt different conformations when binding GTP vs. GDP. The GTP-bound s...

journal_title：Immunological reviews

authors： Cantrell DA

更新日期：2003-04-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The number of possible T cell activation outcomes resulting from T cell receptor (TCR) engagement suggests that the TCR is able to differentially activate a myriad of signaling pathways depending on the nature of the stimulus. The complex structural organization of the TCR itself could underlie this diversity of respo...

journal_title：Immunological reviews

authors： Alarcón B,Gil D,Delgado P,Schamel WW

更新日期：2003-02-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Shc is a prototype adapter protein that is expressed from the earliest stages of T-cell development. Shc becomes rapidly tyrosine phosphorylated after T-cell receptor (TCR) engagement. Expression of dominant negative forms of Shc in T-cell lines had also suggested a role for this adapter downstream of the TCR. However...

journal_title：Immunological reviews

authors： Zhang L,Lorenz U,Ravichandran KS

更新日期：2003-02-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Newfound relatives of the classical Fc receptors (FcR) have been provisionally named the Fc receptor homologs (FcRH). The recent identification of eight human and six mouse FcRH genes substantially increases the size and functional potential of the FcR family. The extended family of FcR and FcRH genes spans approximat...

journal_title：Immunological reviews

authors： Davis RS,Dennis G Jr,Odom MR,Gibson AW,Kimberly RP,Burrows PD,Cooper MD

更新日期：2002-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Upon antigen recognition, T cells undergo substantial membrane and cytoskeletal rearrangements that lead to the formation of the immunological synapse and are necessary for subsequent T-cell activation. However, little is known about how membrane and cytoskeletal molecules interact during these processes. Here we disc...

journal_title：Immunological reviews

authors： Das V,Nal B,Roumier A,Meas-Yedid V,Zimmer C,Olivo-Marin JC,Roux P,Ferrier P,Dautry-Varsat A,Alcover A

更新日期：2002-11-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The screening of tumor-derived expression libraries for antigens detected by high-titer immunoglobulin G antibodies from the sera of patients with cancer by SEREX (serological identification of antigens by recombinant expression cloning) allows a systematic search for antigens of human cancers. SEREX has led to the id...

journal_title：Immunological reviews

authors： Preuss KD,Zwick C,Bormann C,Neumann F,Pfreundschuh M

更新日期：2002-10-01 00:00:00

abstract：:In this review, we discuss the possibilities for combining the power of molecular analysis of the antigens expressed in a given individual tumor with the design of a tailored vaccine containing defined antigens. Step 1 is a differential gene expression analysis of tumor and corresponding normal tissue. Step 2 is the a...

journal_title：Immunological reviews

authors： Rammensee HG,Weinschenk T,Gouttefangeas C,Stevanović S

更新日期：2002-10-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Cell transplantation and tissue regeneration studies indicate a surprisingly broad developmental potential for lineage-committed hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). Under these conditions HSCs transition into myocytes, neurons, hepatocytes or other types of nonhematopoietic effector cells. Equally impressive is the progr...

journal_title：Immunological reviews

authors： French SW,Hoyer KK,Shen RR,Teitell MA

更新日期：2002-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Chemokines control selective targeting of circulating leukocytes to the microvasculature by triggering inside-out signal transduction pathways leading to integrin-dependent adhesion. Integrin activation by chemokines is very rapid, is downmodulated within minutes and appears to involve both enhanced heterodimer latera...

journal_title：Immunological reviews

authors： Laudanna C,Kim JY,Constantin G,Butcher E

更新日期：2002-08-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Understanding how the integrins on leukocytes operate is important because these receptors control the activity of leukocytes in all phases of their lives. Thus integrins control leukocyte development and maturation in bone marrow, the circulation of naive cells in secondary lymphoid tissue, e.g. the lymph nodes, and ...

journal_title：Immunological reviews

authors： Hogg N,Henderson R,Leitinger B,McDowall A,Porter J,Stanley P

更新日期：2002-08-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The vertebrate immune system has evolved to deal with parasitic life forms, so it is hardly surprising that experiments with pathogens have proved illuminating for immunology. Those of us who have worked for years with infectious processes are acutely conscious that we do little more than probe the vast 'experiment of...

journal_title：Immunological reviews

authors： Doherty PC

更新日期：2002-07-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Highlights in a 4-decade exploration of lymphocyte differentiation begin with comparative studies in birds and mammals leading to recognition of the separate T- and B-cell differentiation pathways and their cooperative interaction. The global effects of aborting IgM B-cell development with anti-mu antibodies indicated...

journal_title：Immunological reviews

authors： Cooper MD

更新日期：2002-07-01 00:00:00

abstract：:BioBreeding (BB) rats spontaneously develop an autoimmune diabetic syndrome similar to that observed in humans and NOD mice. One of the diabetes susceptibility loci maps to the lyp locus on chromosome 4. In this article we describe the consequences of the BB rat lyp mutation on T-cell homeostasis, repertoire and funct...

journal_title：Immunological reviews

authors： Ramanathan S,Poussier P

更新日期：2001-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Cells of the monocyte/macrophage system originate from the bone marrow, reach the organs via the blood, immigrate through postcapillary venules and further differentiate into organ-specific tissue macrophages. In rats and other species, activated monocytes/macrophages aggravate autoimmune reactions, rejection of non-v...

journal_title：Immunological reviews

authors： Steiniger B,Stehling O,Scriba A,Grau V

更新日期：2001-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) plays a central role in controlling immune responsiveness, susceptibility to certain diseases and histo-incompatibility. A physical map of the complete rat MHC, the RTI complex, is presented based on a PAC clonal contig (RT1n haplotype). Expression profiling of various tissue...

journal_title：Immunological reviews

authors： Dressel R,Walter L,Günther E

更新日期：2001-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The AIDS pandemic is a global emergency and a preventive vaccine is urgently needed. CD4 and CD8 T-cell responses appear important in controlling human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 in humans and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) in macaques. The utility of vaccines that induce high levels of SIV- or HIV-specific T...

journal_title：Immunological reviews

authors： Kent SJ,Ada GL,Hayes E,Lewis IM

更新日期：2001-10-01 00:00:00

abstract：:We review a novel strategy for tolerance induction developed in rhesus macaques and termed STEALTH. We summarize the evolution of the STEALTH model, the results of successful trials in inducing long-term, stable transplant tolerance in rhesus kidney and diabetic islet recipients and discuss information related to the ...

journal_title：Immunological reviews

authors： Thomas JM,Hubbard WJ,Sooudi SK,Thomas FT

更新日期：2001-10-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Lymphocytes can interfere with the activity of other lymphocytes in a thousand and one ways. A particular subset of so-called regulatory CD4+ T cells is capable of controlling the activity of other lymphocytes in yet another way. Their function is primarily defined by the ability to protect the integrity of tissues an...

journal_title：Immunological reviews

authors： Annacker O,Pimenta-Araujo R,Burlen-Defranoux O,Bandeira A

更新日期：2001-08-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Recent studies on autoimmune ovarian disease (AOD) induced by thymectomy on d3 (d3tx), and AOD induced by immunization with the ovary-specific zona pellucida 3 peptide (pZP3), have yielded the following results. First, female tolerance to pZP3 depends on the persistence of endogenous antigen (Ag). Second, following re...

journal_title：Immunological reviews

authors： Tung KS,Agersborg SS,Alard P,Garza KM,Lou YH

更新日期：2001-08-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Among various strategies to evade the host immune response, some viruses like human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) interfere with surface MHC class I expression and antigen presentation to T lymphocytes. The ability of natural killer (NK) cells to detect MHC class I molecules through inhibitory receptors can be envisaged as a...

journal_title：Immunological reviews

authors： López-Botet M,Llano M,Ortega M

更新日期：2001-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The human leukocyte receptor complex (LRC) contains at least 26 genes which belong to the immunoglobulin superfamily The genes include two clusters of immunoglobulin-like transcript (ILT)/leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptor (LIR)/monocyte-macrophage inhibitory receptor (MIR) loci, a cluster of killer cell inhibitor...

journal_title：Immunological reviews

authors： Volz A,Wende H,Laun K,Ziegler A

更新日期：2001-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:With increasing evidence that complement activation significantly contributes to the pathogenesis of a large number of inflammatory diseases, strategies that interfere with its deleterious action have become a major focus in pharmacological research. Endogenous soluble complement inhibitors (C1 inhibitor, recombinant ...

journal_title：Immunological reviews

authors： Kirschfink M

更新日期：2001-04-01 00:00:00